The Concept Of Balance Of Power Politics Essay

The Concept Of Balance Of Power Politics Essay When one state or alliance increases its power or apply it more aggressively, the balance of power theory is maintained. By forming a counter-balancing coalition, threatened states will increase their own power in response. The central concept in neorealist theory is Balance of power. Since Martin Wright said, the notion is notoriously full of chaos and confusion, it is difficult to provide exact definition to balance of power. The main difficulty prevails with the balance of power is that there are too many meanings associated with it. Nevertheless, the indispensable idea is very simple but when the principle is applied to the international relations, the concept of power means that with the help of shifting alliances and countervailing pressures, not a single power or mixture of powers will be allowed to become strong enough to threaten the security of the rest of the world according to Perkins and Palmer. In order to be more effective, identification and sensing of threats from th e neighboring countries and rebels is an essential need for applying the balance of power effectively. A balance of power can be formed by multiple states when alliances are fluid, for instance when they are formed easily or broken on the basis of practicality by not taking into consideration form of government, history, religion or values. Shifting its support to oppose whichever alliance or state is strongest, a single state occasionally plays the role of a balancer. In the 18th and 19th centuries, specifically in its relations with Germany, Russia and France, this role was played by Britain in Europe (Williams, Andrew 2004). By matching their increases in military capability, two states can balance against each other. Both the United States and the Soviet Union expanded their nuclear arsenals to balance against each other in the cold war. The complexity of measuring power is one weak point of the balance of power. From the size of its land mass, level of technology and population, the states power ultimately derives its power. Nevertheless, this potential power translates into mili tary capability in a flawed manner. There is a dependence on such elements of luck, geography, morale and leadership with the effective use of military force. Throughout history in various regions of the world, there are found some historical examples of power balancing. For instance, through a constantly shifting network of alliances, these Chinese states pursued power (China Superpower, 2010). (2) Evaluate how effective power balancing is, in practice, toward preserving peace. Without the Soviet threat, the United States, as the dominant world power, would face difficulties in its relations with such states as the European powers and china and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the worlds sole superpower (The Globalist: June 2, 2010). The ever changing nature of power, in the present-day international system further complicated the operation of the global balance of power. For the smaller states, the internet, Globalization, weapons of mass destruction and other developments of technology have made them acquire power in a significant manner. Even though, the balance of power is less applicable to conflicts involving other non state groups and terrorists, the balance of power may continue to operate among other states which are engaged in prolonged disputes in the future. In the present study of international relations for the past five hundred years, the balance of power played a prime role in achieving power and peace and for the past five hundred years, the balance of power has been a central concept and practice of international relations. Liberalism also plays an important part here and it carries a legacy of international imprudence (Hume, David. 1752). The purpose of the balance of power is to put in place to explain the situation where states will ally themselves to prevent the domination of one state upon others and peace will obviously be preserved by effective balancing of power and by matching their increase in military capability, two states can balance against each other. (Shubhya pandey, 16th March, 2009). Early intervention will often be more cheaper and effective than late intervention, if security is now better procured than defended. Before they have the time to gain momentum and focus, the threats to security should be addressed. References: 1. Williams, Andrew (2004). D-Day to Berlin. Hodder Stoughton. ISBNÂ  0340833971 2. . China Superpower (PDF). http://www.casaasia.es/pdf/9200595422AM1127202862621.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-27 3. The Globalist June 2, 2010 cite: An Insecure Foothold for the United States; Russia is certainly still a superpower comparable only to the United States 4. Hume, David. 1752/1963. Of the Balance of Power, Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 346-347. 5.Shubhya pandey (16th March, 2009) Balance of Power in International Relations, article Student Semester IV, Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur 7. List and describe some of the major multilateral attempts at arms control and disarmament. How effective have these attempts been in the past? How effective are they likely to be in the future? Do you believe that agreements of this kind will play a significant role in stemming nuclear proliferation to rogue states and terrorists? Why or why not? Arms control and disarmament are not the same. The objective of arms control is to limit weapons in certain selective and agreed methods with regard to certain aspects like transparency, lethality, range and quantity while the latter aims at the destruction of certain types of weapons capable of wreaking mass destruction. The entire globe sought to eliminate all types of weapons of mass destruction which are chemical arms, biological and nuclear and the use of multiple types of conventional weapons apart from their production and sale are sought to be controlled by the world after their bitter experience post the two world wars (Conventional weapons, 2004, p.36). The term general and complete disarmament means the elimination of all weapons of mass destruction or WMD along with the balanced reduction of conventional armaments and balanced reduction of armed forces which is based on the principle of undiminished security of the parties along with a purpose of promoting or improving st ability at a lower military level after taking into account the requirement of all States to protect their security and achieve peace and stability (Speech, 2002). Besides being supported by an implementing institution, a regime is a multilateral arrangement governing either the elimination or control of certain weapons. On the prohibition of bacteriological weapons and poisonous gas to which Canada became a signatory on 6th May 1930, the inter-war period was also witness to the Geneva Protocol, 1925 (Canadian Reference Guide to the United Nations. Ottawa, 1994). Until April 1975, the protocol introduced by the United States was not endorsed by the Senate of United States. The General assembly of the United Nations called for the total elimination of atomic weapons and use the atomic energy for peaceful purposes and it was the foremost resolution passed by the General assembly of the United nations (World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1996). But all these attempts were not full effective as some countries of the world are still continuing to produce weapons of mass destruction under the pretext of security reasons and have not been fully cooperative in destroying weapons of mass destruction completely. Treaties were signed seeking to eliminate and prevent the production of weapons of mass destruction which include the treaty of Non-proliferation of Nuclear weapons and the Biological weapons convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention. In order to promote their WMD non proliferation goals which include the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the Zangger committee, Wassenaar Arrangement (for dual-use goods and conventional arms), the Missile Technology Control Regime and the Hague Code of Conduct (for missiles) and the Australia Group (for chemical and biological weapons), some countries of the world have decided to establish various non-binding suppliers regimes. How effective are they likely to be in the future? In the future, these measures are not going to be effective unless universal application of multilateral disarmament treaties are promoted and its awareness is created for both the Government and its citizens, improving compliance with the commitments of treaty, improving transparency (Some countries fear that reporting of possessions of WMD might compromise on their diplomatic goals or security, strengthening verification by effectively implementing intrusive inspections, vigorous accounting methods and physical security and at the same time not compromising legitimate defence secrets. The development of a politically binding code of conduct was proposed by Netherlands in 2002 when it chaired the Missile Technology control Regime. For this purpose, several international meetings were organized by the European Union (The Netherlands, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,ICOC Background information, 2002). In spite of all these attempts, the lack of public understanding of the contribution of treaties to international security makes non-proliferation education and disarmament a compelling priority. There is a concentration of specialized knowledge only in a very few ministries or in some governments lack the knowledge altogether. Preoccupations with other pressing issues and conflicting priorities faced by many developing countries in areas like internal conflicts, environmental challenges, economic development, health needs and poverty have reduced the effectiveness of these treaties and control and still a long way is to go in order to implement the measures effectively. Do you believe that agreements of this kind will play a significant role in stemming nuclear proliferation to rogue states and terrorists? Why or why not? I do believe that Agreements and treaties arms control and disarmament will play a significant role in stemming nuclear proliferation to rogue states and terrorists only if cooperation prevails among the nations of the world and by maintaining good relations and key contributions are made by the parliaments which has the prime major responsibilities for enacting implementing legislation under the relevant disarmament and arms control treaties apart from the effective role played by the United Nations as they face multiple challenges with regard to the promotion of is armament . Unless collective efforts are put forth by all the nations of the world, any treaty or measures of arms control will not work and remain a challenge and problem forever to be faced by all the countries over the globe. References: 1. Conventional weapons are weapons that are not WMD; see UNIDIR 2004, p. 36. 2. The Netherlands, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ICOC Background information, http://www.minbuza.nl, 2002. 3. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Canadian Reference Guide to the United Nations. Ottawa, 1994. 4. U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1996. Washington, 1997. 8. International relations theorists disagree about the propensity for states to balance versus bandwagon. On the one hand, some theorists claim that states form counter-alliances against the powerful to prevent any one state from achieving hegemony over everyone else. On the other hand, a second group of theorists claim that states tend to gravitate toward the powerful, joining the strongest rather than participating in a blocking coalition. Which claim do you believe is best supported by the historical evidence? Explain your answer. Striking an alliance with powerful nations to fulfill the concerns of security was followed by many countries since the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO which is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4th April 1949((The official Emblem of NATO,2008). A system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence to an attack by any external party is constituted by the organization. Even though some theorists claim that states form counter alliances against the powerful to prevent any one state from achieving control over everyone else, the story has always been on the other side. The countries of the world normal strike alliances with the powerful countries for their own security reasons. For example, Israel always lean on the United States for its support instead of maintaining cordial relations with its neighbours. Even during the gulf war many European nations like the United Kingdom, France and Italy joined hands with the United states in waging war in the Persian gulf against Iraq which did not get any support even from its own neighboring countries. The second group of theorists who claim that states have a tendency to gravitate towards the powerful joining the stronger rather than participating in a blocking coalition and this claim is valid as a lot of historical data is available to support this kind of theory. For instance even during the post world war time, in 1954, South Korea formed an alliance with the United States of America and South Korea signed the ROK/U.S Mutual Security Agreement in which they agreed to defend each other in the event of aggression by outside nations (Manwoo Lee,1988,pp. 35-36). Even during the war waged in Afghanistan after the September 11 terrorist attacks on United States, Pakistan supported United States because of security concerns. The major reason why most of the nations of the world depend on the United States is that in recent years it has been the most formidable military power in recent years and its spending levels is the principle determinant of world military spending and recent increases are connected to the so-called war on Terror and the Afghanistan and the Iraq invasions. Japan struck an alliance with the United States of America because it feels that its presence in the western pacific is very much important to the regions peace and stability (Jusuf Wanandi, 1997). Rather than adopting leniency and initiating collective efforts to prevent the disaster of war in the gulf, numerous countries were on the side of the United States in its war against Iraq including Saudi Arabia. Many countries like the United Kingdom and France even went to the extent of spending huge sums of money for the military operations in the gulf. Many countries in the Southeast Asia feel that the transformation of Southeast Asia as a region of stability could not have been achieved in such a quick manner without the help of the United States (Straits Times,1997). Therefore the second claim of the theorists who stated that the states tend to gravitate toward the powerful, joining the strongest rather than participating in a blocking coalition were right in their perspective. Reference: 1. The official Emblem of NATO. NATO. http://www.nato.int/multi/natologo.htm. Retrieved 20 February 2008 2. Manwoo Lee, et.al. Alliance under Tension: the Evolution of South Korean-U.S. Relations (Boulder, Co.: West view Press, 1988), pp. 35-36. 3. Jusuf Wanandi, Time for Japan to rethink its regional and global role, Straits Times, 27 August 1997 4. Straits Times, 20 November 1997. 9. Assess the concepts of direct opposition and competition as described in the textbook. Do you believe that instances of either competition (which seems to approximate the situation leading up to both World Wars I and II) or direct opposition (which the textbook applies to the Cold War) are more preferable in terms of ensuring international stability? Are they equally useful (or useless) toward achieving this end? Do you believe that the future of world politics will be characterized more by competition of some kind (as suggested in the textbook) or by a renewed form of direct opposition (potentially between the United States and China)? Given your earlier arguments, what ramifications might this have for international stability? Support your arguments with evidence. Assess the concepts of direct opposition and competition as described in the textbook. Do you believe that instances of either competition (which seems to approximate the situation leading up to both World Wars I and II) or direct opposition (which the textbook applies to the Cold War) are more preferable in terms of ensuring international stability? The relationship that developed first and foremost between the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet socialist Republic (USSR) was given the name cold war because the two was always at loggerheads with regard to the domination of international affairs (The origins of the Cold War, 2004). The term was used to describe their relationship from 1945 to 1980. They fought for their beliefs using client states who were fighting for their beliefs on their behalf because these two superpowers did not trust each other. Since times immemorial, the competitive rivalry among nations is largely attributed to the uneven distribution of resources across the world to a great extent. Nations have been working hard to control resources and not merely to develop their geographical extent of colonialism from the age of exploration to the two world wars and from the Middle East to the west. For the purpose of determining a nations strategic direction apart from helping the nation outperform its rival through gaining the competitive, geopolitics highlights about the spatial analysis in terms of social sciences, politics and geography. Due to healthy competition among the nations of the world, the importance of world resources have been highlighted by Mackinders Heartland Theory in the year 1904 (The Geographical Journal, 2004). Huge concentration is made on the co-existence of nations through their mutual economic interdependence by the modern geopolitics even though it does not necessarily talk about power shi fts. Healthy competitions therefore make the nations to realize their potential and awareness about their resources and this in one way can be utilized to maintain cordial relationship with other countries by helping the other countries by mutual exchange of resources. Are they equally useful (or useless) toward achieving this end? The outcomes or effects of competition of some kind will be favorable for international stability. This is supported by the fact that a favorable environment has been created for export diversification and competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa and many African countries concentrated on getting the essentials economic management in the right way (Borner, S., Brunetti, A. and Weder, B., 1995). In order to reduce their debt and controlling inflation and putting in place sustainable fiscal policies, they worked together. All these happened due to the healthy competition which prevailed among these nations and fostered a good relationship between them (Sachs, J. and Warner, A., 1996). Do you believe that the future of world politics will be characterized more by competition of some kind (as suggested in the textbook) or by a renewed form of direct opposition (potentially between the United States and China)? I do therefore believe that the world of future politics will be characterized more by competition of some kind in comparison to a renewed form of direct opposition because in a direct opposition healthy competition can never take place. For instance when it comes to China and the United States of America, China always opposed the United States power politics, hegemonism and unipolar strategy and vice versa even though both of them have relatively mature ideas, tactics, policies and strategies on the global configuration of international order and power (Peter Grier and James N. Thurnman, 1999). On the other hand, if these two countries nurture a healthy competition and foster good relationship, it will be beneficial for them apart from the rest of the world. Majority of the other countries of the world also favour this. Given your earlier arguments, what ramifications might this have for international stability? Support your arguments with evidence. Right from the historical periods, economic inequalities have existed in a wide range of societies and the negative phenomenon arising out of economic inequality can be removed only with a healthy competition between the nations of the world. Healthy competition may also pave the way for the trade liberalization which will shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale where low skilled workers in poorer countries will see higher wages. Therefore international stability can be achieved globally by healthy competitions among the nations. International trade is promoted and significant benefits arise out of this. In concurrence with comparative advantage, it allows numerous countries to specialize. Considerable gains of efficiency may arise out of this. Severe competition takes place only out of trade which breaks down institutional impediments to change and promotes innovation. The advantages of the utilization of increased returns to scale is further provided by trade. A ll these facts were realized by many countries of the world after the post war era. Under the sponsorship of the GATT (General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade), numerous tariffs relating to international trade was introduced after several rounds of negotiations and it lead to successful trade liberalization in the developed nations (Jacob Kol and L.B.M. Mennes, 1990).

Nursing Home Visit Essay

As I visited RSL Anzac Village, Narraben, I have outlined the nurses performing their roles in communication and safety practice in a professional working environment. As I was bought up in Nepal, I was really surprised with my expectation comparing to what I have seen. In this reflective writing I am going to explain about how does my expectation meet the obesevatation communication and safety features. In my imagination, RSL could have been a hospital with many nurses, doctors and very filthy place with nonhuman behavior. The patients could have been very old, weak and motionless, the atmosphere in an aged care centre might be heartbreaking and miserable. Soon after I started walking inside the care center, I was surprise with the way it was operated. I noticed a nurse using very soft tone with acknowledgement. She started with Good morning. How are you today? Even though the person she was addressing was non-verbal, she responded as if she was a normal women. In reply, the person responded with the smile and head nodding. In fact, I was very impressed with the way conversation was made. I think this has demonstrated good interpersonal skills including respect for the patient, patience and politeness, so these are few things that I learned about effective communication and it is necessary to communicate compassionately and effectively with residents. I agree with the Jasmine (2009) as she says therapeutic communication is most essential for nurses as they have care both physically and emotionally. On the second instance, I saw so many mobility equipments to transfer patient from bed to shower chair or from shower chair to bed. After my tutor explained us importance of those equipment , which would simplify and breakdown the task and make our life easy. As a result these device provide mobility support for immobilized elders (Clarke, Chan, Santaguida and Colantonio, 2009). The second incident I got caught in made me to realize there are so many things I got to learn about safety features like, smoke detectors, all fire exist were clear and clearly marked, hall ways and toilets were wide enough for wheelchairs, hand rails provided in hall ways and in bathing areas, very high fence in balcony so that there will not be isk of fall, code access to entry and exit at doors so resident cannot escape, remote for attention or call nurse in need, zebra crossing inside the facility boundary for resident safety in road crossing, alcohol foam sanitizer for infection control. As an everyday routine, nurse visited the dinning room and greet all the residents. I suppose, this spiritual faith of residents and nurse has made this care harmonious and peaceful. Furthermore, I agree with the point of view that one who has not clear understanding of their own spirituality are less likely to meet others spiritual support (McSherry,2006). Therefore, I realized the importance of spirituality in health care. To sum up, the way communication, use of mobility aids, safety features and spiritual support that I experienced in my visit made me explore further in this industry. Which also made me believes it is also a community which is â€Å"the home† of many old people.

Rationale on Effects of Playing Computer Games on the...

Rationale and Importance Gaming in Education: What Students Can Learn From Video Games in School As new teachers enter the workforce with greater technology familiarity than their predecessors, a wider margin of accepted teaching methods has developed, changing the way in which educators are able to form successful instructional relationships with their students. Many districts, in order to help faculty keep pace with their rapidly changing and technologically capable student bodies, are attempting to alter their most well established modes of erudition (namely lecture, discussion, co-operative group, and hands-on learning); as a result, there has been a continuing trend in the reduction of teacher reliance on textbooks and an upswing in†¦show more content†¦Most prominently, video game play (unlike many types of traditional pedagogy) appears to augment student self-efficacy through the elimination of many stigmatizing cultural differences between various ethnic and gender groups, enabling students of all backgrounds to share equally in the education process without fea r of exclusion by their peers (Browell, 2008). While this may only seem to be a tangential advantage for the majority of students, researchers have found that the free collaboration of students through the sharing of game-based learning outlines a direct correlation with the development of vastly improved 21st century occupational skills, including team-building, group management, and individual persistence (Browell, 2008; Gentile et al, 2009). World of Warcraft in particular, the leader in massive multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPGs), has been developed with these desirable occupational skills at the forefront of its game objectives, forcing its players to hone their group and inquiry-based learning abilities through the rigorous process of peer-to-peer meta-cognitive analysis (Schrader McCreery, 2008). 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Aphrodite, the Greek Goddess of Love and Beauty

Aphrodite is the goddess of beauty, love, and sexuality. She is sometimes known as the Cyprian because there was a cult center of Aphrodite on Cyprus [See Map Jc-d]. Aphrodite is the mother of the god of love, Eros (more familiar as Cupid). She is the wife of the ugliest of the gods, Hephaestus. Unlike the powerful virginal goddesses, Athena and Artemis, or the faithful goddess of marriage, Hera, she has love affairs with gods and mortals. Aphrodites birth story makes her relation to the other gods and goddesses of Mt. Olympus ambiguous. Family of Origin Hesiod says Aphrodite arose from the foam that gathered around the genitals of Uranus. They just happened to be floating in the sea -- after his son Cronus castrated his father. The poet known as Homer calls Aphrodite the daughter of Zeus and Dione. She is also described as the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys (both Titans). If Aphrodite is the cast-offspring of Uranus, she is of the same generation as Zeus parents. If she is the daughter of the Titans, she is Zeus cousin. Roman Equivalent Aphrodite was called Venus by the Romans -- as in the famous Venus de Milo statue. Attributes And Associations Mirror, of course -- she is the goddess of beauty. Also, the apple, which has lots of associations with love or beauty (as in Sleeping Beauty) and especially the golden apple. Aphrodite is associated with a magic girdle (belt), the dove, myrrh and myrtle, the dolphin, and more. In the famous Botticelli painting, Aphrodite is seen rising from a clam shell. Sources Ancient sources for Aphrodite include Apollodorus, Apuleius, Aristophanes, Cicero, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Diodorus Siculus, Euripides, Hesiod, Homer, Hyginus, Nonnius, Ovid, Pausanias, Pindar, Plato, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Sophocles, Statius, Strabo and Vergil (Virgil). Trojan War and Aeneids Aphrodite / Venus The story of the Trojan War begins with the story of the apple of discord, which naturally was made of gold: Each of 3 goddesses: Hera - marriage goddess and wife of ZeusAthena - Zeus daughter, wisdom goddess, and one of the powerful virginal goddesses mentioned above, andAphrodite thought she deserved the golden apple, by virtue of being kallista the most beautiful. Since the goddesses couldnt decide among themselves and Zeus wasnt willing to suffer the wrath of the females in his family, the goddesses appealed to Paris, son of King Priam of Troy. They asked him to judge which of them was the most beautiful. Paris judged the goddess of beauty to be the loveliest. In return for his verdict, Aphrodite promised Paris the fairest woman. Unfortunately, this fairest mortal was Helen of Sparta, wife of Menelaus. Paris took the prize that had been awarded him by Aphrodite, despite her prior commitments, and so started the most famous war in history, that between the Greeks and Trojans. Vergil or Virgils Aeneid tells a Trojan War sequel story about a surviving Trojan prince, Aeneas, transporting his household gods from the burning city of Troy to Italy, where he founds the race of the Romans. In the Aeneid, the Roman version of Aphrodite, Venus, is Aeneas mother. In the Iliad, she protected her son, even at the cost of suffering a wound inflicted by Diomedes.

An Analysis of Cultural Communication - 1120 Words

During the first day of The International Communications course, Professor Harsin proposed the question: â€Å"How would you define International Communication?† Heads swayed and hesitant hands began to rise in attempts to tackle the question. After delving into the nooks and crannies of this question throughout the course, another question arises today: What evidence can we condense to create a blueprint for how communication has been infiltrating continents globally? It can be reiterated that given the diversification of political, socio-economic context, cultural issues have apparently been treated as the questionable point of global debate. It seems quite evident that other aspects of globalization or of localization are determined by the†¦show more content†¦Also, as Thussu mentions, the cultural traits of a Third World country are parallel and closely linked to that of another Third World country’s cultural form (ch.4 Thussu PowerPoint). The example of th e infiltration of Hindi cinema reflects relatively the same reality of another less developed country; Bangladesh. By analyzing the battle over global communication networks and historical trends throughout the years, and Mattelart goes on to claim that, over time, globalization will cause the world to become progressively economically and culturally aligned. Mass consumption, large economic blocs, real time networks, and free trade will result in a worldwide monoculture (Mattelart 103). After the first rudimentary telegraph made its debut in Europe, media analyst Armand Mattelart stated, long-distance communication technology was promoted as a guarantee of the revival of democracy. During the decades that followed, a prevailing concept came about: the ideology of redemption through networks. In Networking the World, 1794-2000, Mattelart addresses assumptions that have spanned centuries and continents. 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Report writing on Communications Problems Free Essays

Nikkei Meta highlighted the small things to be considered while communicating in a group or at personal level such as difference between observation and perception. As the course gradually moved on, professor introduced a case on communication problems in supply chain based industries in which the teams were asked to speak about the case and come to some conclusion. The main part was to present that case in front of the camera. We will write a custom essay sample on Report writing on Communications Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now My group got the first chance to present the case, and we were fortunate because we got know our natural skills to resent. After the presentation, professor Nikkei Meta, Assistant professor, National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Iambi threw the feedback to us highlighting our shortcomings. Later on we were asked to do the rehearsals as many times as possible before second video recording session. We rehearsed for 12 times to count the time and to check preparation level. Initial days we rehearsed for 60 minutes. As days were passing we had increased the duration of the speech from 60 seconds to 75 seconds,75 seconds to 90 seconds and later moved to 90 seconds to 120 seconds. We have filled the public speaking rubric form once in every alternative days when we had finished our practice. During rehearsals initially I thought my problem was speech appendages. But after rehearsals I found out the real weaknesses other than fillers which are long pauses, lower confidence levels in public speaking, nervousness. With the advice of team members worked on my weaknesses and reduced some of the mistakes through continuous rehearsals. It helped to improve my confidence levels , how to make draft so that long pause weakness can be minimized. In addition to that I improved my interpersonal skills. Later on we were asked to present the same case in front of camera to capture our improvements, preparation, and team coordination. To capitalize this opportunity, we followed a simple methodology. Before going for recording, we rehearsed for 3 times to count the time and to check preparation level. Also we could find the mistakes at the time of rehearsal only which benefited us not repeating the same while recording. We could observe the body language of each other and suggest improvements. Once we had done with our recording, it was shown in the class. Professor critically examined y moments in the presentation with our natural response. He commented on our individual performance as well as entire team highlighting the hand movements, voice modulation, rush delivery, etc. For further improvements sir gave us one more chance for recording. This time, we gone more prepared and we were more confident. For the second time, recording process was much smoother as compared to first time. We analyzed the second recording in a group and compared it against first recording. We could notice many improvements over the last recording on which we worked regularly, but still there is scope for improvements for each one of us. How to cite Report writing on Communications Problems, Papers

Lifestyle or Lifecycle Funds and Law †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Lifestyle or Lifecycle Funds. Answer: Introduction: A permanent resident is allowed to work in his residential country, but cannot get a job from the government. Permanent resident and citizen are two terms that differentiates the status of a person in a country he or she lives. The difference between these two terms is under the privileges aligned to each. A permanent resident is not allowed to vote during general elections (McMillan, 2017). Other than that, a permanent resident can be deported if he or she commits a serious offense such as terrorism as prohibited in the law. When a person is guilty of committing such grave crimes, they will serve prison (Miller, 2015). On the other hand, it is also possible that the permanent resident status might be stripped off and be deported back to his or her original country. In other words, An Australian permanent resident is a person who can live and work in Australia, and is a holder of a permanent residency visa but is not the citizen of Australia. Consequently, if a person comes from another country and wants to become a citizen, then he has to take a loyalty oath to the country he moved to when he finally applies for citizenship after a certain period. According to Australia, this period is four years while in other countries such as U.S. and Canada it is three years. Additionally, coming to the individual rights and privileges, a citizen has a right to vote in the general election (McMillan, 2017). A citizen can work in any department so long as he has the qualifications. It implies that he can work in a government office. Therefore, in reference to Kit's scenario based on the above clarifications, he is a resident. He can only be allowed to work and live in Australia but he cannot vote in the general election or work in any position in the government. It is because he lacks the privileges of a citizen. On the other hand, he has stayed in Australia for the last four years but he has not applied for citizenship that could make him become a citizen under naturalization Law (McMillan, 2017). Naturalization is a legal process that allows a non-citizen of a country to acquire citizenship. Naturalization can be done in two ways: (1) it can be done by passing a statute that does not require individuals efforts of the applicant for the citizenship to get approved by the legal authorities. The necessary requirement of the naturalization depends on minimum legal residency, which in this case is four years according to Citizenship Act 2007 (McMillan, 2017). Other requirements may include things such as knowledge of the dominant language and culture and promising to obey and follow the rules that country. (2) Naturalization can be done based on whether the country allows dual citizenship or not. If the country accepts a single citizenship, then the permanent resident will lose his original citizenship after applying for the new one. But because Australia allows dual citizenship, and being that Kit and his family have met the minimum legal residency, it means that he can now apply for the citizenship for his family. Besides, if his children are aged below 16 years, then they can be included on the parent's application. Taxation of Kits Salary and Investments When it comes to taxation of a permanent resident, the Australian government tax each and every income received by a resident from any part of the world. However, it is subjected to certain concessions and exemptions. On the other hand, foreign assets, for example, the ones that Kit and his wife have in Chile are taxable in Australia with an offset allowed for any foreign taxes paid by the permanent resident. Additionally, dividends received from Australia and from foreign investments are combined in assessable income. However, being that dividend income from abroad investment is also taxed in a foreign country, there could be a foreign income tax offset. Moreover, Australian statute has got various attribution regulations that aim to tax residents on gains and income that have accumulated in foreign investments, even though there is no actual distribution of gains or income received by the resident. These regulations are referred as the Controlled Foreign Company and Transferor Rules (Manyam, 2011). Simply, these attribution regulations stop resident investors from deferring tax by accruing income derived through controlling and non-controlling benefits in foreign countries. Other than that, interest offshore from bank bonds, deposits among other fixed interest securities will be taxed according to Australian Law. The taxation is based on the employment income, rental income, Australia pensions and amenities, and capital gains on Australia assets. Because Kit is an Australian permanent resident, he will have to pay residency for tax purposes. It is because he is working and living and has taken steps to make Australia his residence by purchasing a home. Moreover, the incomes Kit and his wife receive from their investments from Chile are also taxed because the taxation rule in Australia is that they tax all the income of a resident from any part of the world. Additionally, dividends received from Australia and the foreign investments are combined in assessable income (Okunev, 2014). However, being that the family is receiving interest income from their investments in Chile from which they are taxed by Chilean government, there could be a foreign income tax offset by the Australian government due to double taxation. To conclude with, if an individual from foreign country becomes a resident of Au stralia, all of his capital investments at that point in time becomes subject to the Australian capital gains tax system (Okunev, 2014). The case between Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) is about taxation of business income. There were two questions that arose: The first was about how to define boundaries of the business activity, and the second was how to determine whether a specific gain comes within the realm of business. The case showed that the plaintiff intention was to invest long-term that was found to be inconsistent with the reason of acquiring the shares to provide cash for insurance division. The court held that all the evidence showed that Westpac Management being the fund manager had been directed to attain and manage so that to achieve the aim of long-term capital growth. Judge Williams J. of the Court of appeal made the following judgment. He said that the appeal was between the Scottish Australian Mining Co. Ltd. as per the Income Tax Assessment Act from the verdict made by the Board of review declining to uphold the corporation objections to getting assessed by its correspondent for income tax for the four accounting years. Judge Williams decided that the question of Law was not involved in the decision of the Board, and for that reason the Federal Court has no jurisdiction to consider the appeal ("BarNet Jade - Find recent Australian legal decisions, judgments, case summaries for legal professionals (Judgments And Decisions Enhanced)", 2007). A group of fishermen owned beachfront shacks in Western Australia and in 1954; they agreed to form a company. They bought 1584 acres of land with an aim of ensuring that they will always access their beachfront shacks. Over ten years later they sold all their shares to other three development companies. The companies wanted to subdivide and resale the land, but they realized that direct purchase of the land would attract taxation under sec 25(1) of the ITAA36 because their intention was to make a profit. So they decided to buy the shares in the company for them to argue that the sale was a simple realization of a capital asset, which is not taxed under the Law. They acquired shares, altered the articles and sold the land in portions within four years and obtained $7 million ("ATO ID 2002/483 (Withdrawn) - Loss from isolated sale of property", 2008). The court decided that the profits were assessable as the acquisition of the original company by the new owners with an aim of making pr ofit meant that the corporation had changed so the land improvement was a trade. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 In this case, the trustees of the deceased estate were the taxpayers. The deceased had acquired the land with an intention of raising a family and to use some parts for farming. A few years later, the deceased sold half of the land to a company that was controlled by members of the family. The new owners got into a partnership to raise cattle, but they did not perform well and decided to sell the land. The deceased passed on at the time the subdivided portions were being sold and some were sold after his death. The Commissioner argued that land divisions were assessable income, but the court stand was that the profits were not the ordinary benefits because the activities of the partners showed that the owners were not engaging in profit-making business ("ATO ID 2002/483 (Withdrawn) - Loss from isolated sale of property", 2008). In this case, the taxpayer got the farming land from his father and used it for production business for 20 years. But, due to sickness and growing of debt, he decided to subdivide the land and sold a larger portion. He subdivided them into eight portions over a period of 18 years and constructed various infrastructures such as roads, water, sewerage, and fences as parts on the partitions of the land. The Commissioner challenged that the benefits from the sale of each partition were ordinary income; hence, assessable on the grounds that he was running a business of land subdivision ("ATO ID 2002/273 (Withdrawn) - Sale of subdivided farmland - Income or capital gain?", 2004). Conversely, on the appeal, the federal court stand was that the profits from the partitions were the realization of the profits and the taxpayer was not running the business of land partitions. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 In this case, a company obtained land in Adelaide. The company acquired the land with an intention of carrying the business of selling sand and operational. When the company received the government application that they wish to do mining on the land, the taxpayer rejected the application through letters in which he stated that the land was be subdivided into building portions. When taxpayer acquired to know about the future of land subdivisions, he realized that the land had been rezoned as rural and the government intends to preserve it. Finally, the government took the land at $500,000 that was paid in two installments ("ATO ID 2002/483 (Withdrawn) - Loss from isolated sale of property", 2008). The court decision was that the amount received by the taxpayer for the land was an ordinary income because it represented the initial intention of the taxpayer to sell sand and at a later day sell the land for profit. In this case, the taxpayer got a loan to buy five blocks of land for a period of ten years. For some time, the land got used for crops farming and grazing purpose, but eventually, it was partitioned. After two years and other years that followed, the taxpayer sold fifty-one blocks making a net profit of $388,288 ("ATO ID 2002/273 (Withdrawn) - Sale of subdivided farm land - Income or capital gain?", 2010). The court ruled that the taxpayer was quantifiable on the benefits as he was operating a business of land development. However, the court recognized that there was a period at the beginning where the land was being used for farming and found that there was enough evidence that taxpayer knew at the beginning, due to the size of the loan he acquired, that at some point he would have to sell some of the lands. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 In this case, the taxpayers bought land with an old house build on it. They removed the house and replaced it with three new townhouses. They advertised had advertised their sales before completion but the sale was unsuccessful. They moved into the two of the houses and stayed for one year and sold the one year later making profit of an average of $150,000. After some time they purchased another block of land where they build houses then sold ("ATO ID 2002/483 (Withdrawn) - Loss from isolated sale of property", 2008). The court decided that the sale of the townhouses was ordinary income because they obtained the land for business purposes with a view of obtaining profit. References ATO ID 2002/483 (Withdrawn) - Loss from isolated sale of property. (2008). Law.ato.gov.au. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID2002483/00001 ATO ID 2002/273 (Withdrawn) - Sale of subdivided farm land - Income or capital gain?. (2004). Law.ato.gov.au. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID2002273/00001 BarNet Jade - Find recent Australian legal decisions, judgments, case summaries for legal professionals (Judgments And Decisions Enhanced). (2007). Jade.io. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://jade.io/article/64663 Collins, P., Earl, D., Redenbach, G. (2009). foreign source income reforms. Legal database - View: ATO Interpretative Decisions: ATO ID 2001/55 (Withdrawn). (2010). Ato.gov.au. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=AID/AID200155/00001 Manyam, J. (2011). Taxation of Gains from Banking and Insurance Businesses in New Zealand. Revenue Law Journal, 1-31. McMillan, K. (2017). Affective integration and access to the rights of permanent residency: New Zealanders resident in Australia post-2001. Ethnicities, 17(1), 103-127. Miller, M. J. (2015). Treaties. International Tax Journal, 41(4), 11-14. Okunev, J. (2014). Lifestyle or Lifecycle Funds Are They the Answer to Retirement Wealth Creation?. The Journal Of Investing, 141114200145002. https://dx.doi.org/10.3905/joi.2014.2014.1.039 TR 2007/8 - Income tax: registered agricultural managed investment schemes. (2004). Law.ato.gov.au. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=TXR/TR20078/NAT/ATO/00001